Changes in Formerly Communist Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changes in Formerly Communist Nations - Essay Example However, the fact of the matter is that the nations which have already been listed had rather developed economies. Due to the fact that the Soviet Union was primarily concerned with its defense against the West, it built up a high level of economic strength, industrial production, infrastructure, and other means of economic development within the nations of Eastern and Central Europe. However, when one considers the level of overall economic development that existed within the remainder of the Soviet Union’s vast empire, the states of Central Asia for instance, it is rapidly understood that as disastrous as the collapse of the Soviet Union was for the individuals living within Eastern and Central Europe, it was in order of magnitude more disastrous for the undeveloped nations within Central Asia. As a function of this, this brief analysis will consider the case of Uzbekistan and trace the hardships that it was forced to face immediately following the collapse of an empire that defined this region for the better part of 60 years (Goff et al, 2008). One of the most powerful effects that the collapse of the Soviet Union had was with regards to the economic integration that had previously existed between the empire. Although the Soviet Union engaged in outside trade, almost all of the domestic needs of production were realized within its contiguous borders. In such a way, scientists were moved to remote regions as a means of conducting further research, cotton was specialized and grown in key areas, industry sprung up around natural resource deposits and access to rivers and the sea, and other industries were differentiated as a means of geography and need. However, this was a centrally planned economy and one in which a perfect level of natural growth could not be exhibited. In the case of all of the Soviet Union, the years immediately following its collapse were punctuated by extreme economic hardship, the lack of currency and/or currency stability, supply and demand issues, and a number of other factors directly related to transition from a centrally planned communist economy to free market economy. In the case of Uzbekistan, the nation had only a light level of industrialization, no access to the sea, no natural land barriers, over 10 distinct ethnicities, and an environment that was heavily polluted an increasingly arid (Goff et al, 2008). In such a manner, the collapse of the Soviet Union provided an extreme level of shock to the region due to the fact that it no longer had means to sustain itself, ability to trade with the outside world, or any level of developed industry upon which you could rely. One of the defining aspects of Uzbekistan within the Soviet Union had been its production of cotton. However due to the fact that the nation was almost predominantly arid, it lacks the water resources to continue this high output of cotton to trade with the outside world. Accordingly, as a result of the lack of resources and economic hardships that punctuated the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, a series of order conflicts, Islamic uprisings, and failed Democratic efforts defined the way in which is Uzbekistan sought to integrate with the rest of the world. Whereas there is doubtless and myriad of key issues that

Symbolism in Medieval Art

Symbolism in Medieval Art EVE IN MEDIEVAL ART Symbolism in the Medieval period had both theological and social meanings, and the figure of Eve demonstrates how these two kinds of meanings coexisted in a single symbolic form. Medieval symbolism almost always occurred in art that was commissioned by or for the churches. In religious terms, the art of the Middle Ages was meant to instruct people of all classes and to be an aid to prayer and the contemplation of religious ideas. But, as art historians have begun to point out, this art was also a system of visual signs that can be viewed in terms of role models, social practices, and an encoded value system of social mores (Alexander 1). In strictly theological terms, the character of Eve, the first woman, was used to symbolize the Fall of the human race. Eve ate the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and persuaded Adam to eat it as well (Hall 4). This caused the human race to experience sin and evil. But Eve was also used as a symbol of the nature of women, seen as temptresses trying to lead men into sin. On seeing the figure of Eve as she was presented in Romanesque art, the viewer was reminded of the Fall, but, depending on how she was depicted, the viewer could also be reminded that women are weak-willed, deceitful seducers who are not to be trusted. The works that will be investigated to support this thesis, is Eve at the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) The theological and the social meanings of the symbol were not completely separate. The Church also seemed interested in promoting this misogynistic idea of women as a social value. But the meanings were separable, in the sense that, when Eve was used as the basic theological symbol of the Fall, the implications about the behavior of women in general did not have to be part of the symbol. In one sense, Medieval art consisted of a kind of sacred writing in which the identity or uses of certain pictorial elements were widely understood (MÃ ¢le, Medieval 267). MÃ ¢le gives the example of a halo which, when placed behind a persons head, indicates sainthood or holiness. In a more complicated example, a naked woman, with or without a snake or a tree, and holding a piece of fruit, would be known to be Eve. These particular attributes would be given to her when the temptation of Eve by Satan (and/or Eves temptation of Adam if he was present) was the subject being shownbut Eve could be shown in other situations as well. Medieval art is also a symbolic code, and, since the earliest times, Christian art had spoken in figures, showing men one thing and inviting them to see in it the figure of another (MÃ ¢le, Medieval 272). This means that, once the viewer identified Eves Temptation by her attributes of nakedness, the tree, the snake, and the fruit, then the viewer could move on to the understanding of what Eve, in this situation, symbolized. She symbolized the Fall of the human race, which was, because of her actions, condemned to suffering, pain, death, and sin. The human race could not be redeemed until Jesus suffered and died for all humanity and provided the means of obtaining, through the Church, eternal salvation. Thus, in its plain theological use, the figure of Eve was connected to the mission of the Church because her actions were responsible for making the Church necessary. For this reason, Medieval artists (or the people who planned the art of the churches) saw the Temptation as a foreshad owing of the Annunciation in which the Virgin Mary, as the New Eve, redeemed the sin of the old Eve (Hall 5). Petzold provides an example of this symbolic pairing of Eve and the Virgin Mary in Romanesque art. This is the sculpture on the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) over the doorway at the church of Neuilly-en-Donjon in France, where three interrelated scenes from the Bible show the three main archetypes of women: Eve, Mary Magdalen (a reformed adulteress), and the Virgin Mary (Petzold 123). The three women are all shown in relation to a man. In the bottom section of the sculpture (the lintel), Eve turns from the tree to tempt Adam with the fruit, and Mary Magdalen kneels in front of Jesus and anoints his feet and wipes them with her hair (Petzold 123). Above them, the main sculpture shows the Magi worshipping Jesus, who sits on Marys lap. Around Mary and Jesus, angels blow horns celebrating Marys triumph over sin. MÃ ¢le, commenting on this same sculpture, says that symbolically the work meant that woman, through whom sin came into the world [Eve] and by whom it was perpetuated [Mary Magdalen], is at last and forever rehabilitated by the Virgin (Religious 431). The same connection is made in another French church at Anzy-le-Duc, where the main tympanum sculpture shows the worship of the Magi on one side and Eve tempting Adam on the other. In the lower, lintel portion of the sculpture, heaven is shown beneath the Virgins side, and hell is shown beneath Eve (MÃ ¢le, Religious 432). These examples make clear Eves purely theological importance as a symbol clear. But, as MÃ ¢les explanation indicated, the Eve-Mary Magdalen-Virgin Mary symbolism had a message about women in general. Women as a group were believed to be prone to sin and to causing sin, especially sexual sin because they tempted men. St. Bernard (1091-1153), who was one of the most influential and eloquent orators and writers of his age, emphasized that Eves sin was the sin of all women. He said in a sermon that Eve was the original cause of all evil, whose disgrace has come down to all other women (quoted by Kraus 42). But St. Bernard was also a great promoter of the cult of the Virgin Mary, which was becoming very popular in the twelfth century. And, on the connection between Eve and Mary, he said, Rejoice, Eve, rejoice in such a daughter . . . Opprobrium has been wiped out; never again can woman be accused (quoted by MÃ ¢le, Religious 431). But, in actual practice, though they praised Mary, this did not much change the Churchs view of ordinary women as being sinful like Eve: In the glorification of the Virgin, it was the Woman-Without-Sin, the non-woman Woman, the anti-Eve that was revered (Kraus 46). The extent to which Mary was not like a real woman was considered worthy of praise. Petzold notes that, since this misogynistic view of women was often part of the Churchs message, the symbolism of Eve was expanded so that images of her in art frequently stress her role as a sexual temptress (124). In this role, Eve becomes a symbol of the sinful nature of all women. Her role in theologically important events does not require this interpretation at all (although her feminine weakness was always implied by the Bible story). But, in the Middle Ages, this interpretation of Eve was quite popular. Petzold points out the representation of Eve in this character in another Romanesque church in France, the Autun Cathedral. In a fragment of sculpture by Gislebertus from around 1130, Eve is shown naked and nearly lying down, supported only by her knees and one elbow. The position may refer to the story that God punished her by making her crawl on the ground like the snake who tempted her. But what is most striking about the Autun Eve is that, at a time when nudity was rare in art, the sinuous figure of Eve, with her rounded breasts, is one of the most erotically charged images in Romanesque art, and she is portrayed not so much as [a] sinner but as [a] temptress who invite[s] Adam, and by implication men in general, to commit sin (Petzold 125). At this time, the Church was trying to enforce strict celibacy on priests and monks, and stressing the sinfulness of sexual relations and of women in general probably was part of that effort (Petzold 125). But, as Kraus shows, the figure of Eve was the model for the various sculptures of the vice of Unchastity, or Lust, which one finds on so many church facades of the twelfth century and is invariably a woman, while the typically male vice, on the other hand, is either Pride or Avarice (42). The overall impression of women was of their complete inability to resist their sexual urges and their deep desire to draw men into sin. But, while all this did aid the Church in its attempt to induce celibacy in priests, it was hardly the kind of teaching calculated to spread affection for the wives and mothers in the audience (Kraus 44). This is what is meant by the social meanings of Medieval symbolism. As Alexander explains it, these images functioned to provide role models to sections of the Christian community, and the Church used various artistic means to intervene in the society in a variety of contexts (1). One of the methods that was used was repetition. MÃ ¢le pointed out how repetition of images ensured that every member of the potential audience would be sufficiently familiar with the various figures and their attributes to recognize an Eve with her apple or a saint with her halo (Medieval 267). But, in addition to familiarity with the elements of the stories, the visual messages were hammered home by their iconographical similarity until they were taken for granted and thus became an unquestioned part of everyday experience (Alexander 1). One of the most shocking images of Eve is found in a series of relief sculptures showing the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Paradise (from the twelfth century, at the French church of Notre-Dame-du-Port, at Clermont-Ferrand). In these sculptures, Adam hurls wailing Eve to the ground, kicks her, and drags her by the hair in a series of realistic gestures that may Maghave been inspired by a religious play, Le Jeu dAdam et Eve, that was performed both inside and outside of many churches (Kraus 44). The connection between such representations of Eve-Woman as deserving of this kind of treatment and an official sanctioning of such behavior by men toward their wives is not difficult to make. Some lines of the Adam and Eve play read, Oh, evil woman full of treason / Forever contrary to reason, / Bringing no man good in any season: / Our childrens children to the end of time / Will feel the cruel whiplash of your crime (quoted by Kraus 44). St. Bernards sermons, a popular play, and repeated artistic representations of Eve as the source of evil all combine to show how this symbol had a clear social meaning as well as a theological meaning. Though the Church was not the only source of such misogyny, it was an active promoter of the feeling, and the effects of the social meaning of the Eve symbol are, in part, still present today. Works Cited Alexander, Jonathan J. G. Iconography and Ideology: Uncovering Social Meanings in Western Medieval Christian Art. Studies in Iconography 15 (1993): 1-44. Hall, James. Subjects and Symbols in Art. 2nd ed. New York: Icon-Harper and Row, 1979. Kraus, Henry. The Living Theatre of Medieval Art. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967. MÃ ¢le, Emile. Medieval Iconography. Ancient Egypt through the Middle Ages. Vol. 1 of Readings in Art History. New York: Scribners Sons, 1969. 265-91. The Twelfth Century: A Study in the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Vol. 1 of Religious Art in France. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1978. Petzold, Andreas. Romanesque Art. New York: Perspectives-Abrams, 1995. Â © K C Research Assistance, Inc., 1997

Contemporary Significance of the Greek Views of Paideia :: Philosophy

Contemporary Significance of the Greek Views of Paideia ABSTRACT: We argue that there are three basic views of paideia in ancient Greece. After briefly discussing them, we turn our attention to the contemporary situation. We try to show that the dialogical or Socratic view of paideia can contribute toward a deeper understanding of the contemporary problem of multiculturalism. In this article we will argue first that there are three basic views of paideia in ancient Greece (I). Then after making a brief overview of their fate in the later history (II), we will turn our attention to our contemporary situation and try to show that it is the dialogical or Socratic view of paideia which can contribute to a deeper understanding of the contemporary problem of multiculturalism (III). I. The three basic views of Greek paideia are all connected with the concept of truth and the relation of man to it. I call these views "basic", simply because I consider the man's "transcendental" relationship to truth (which includes the denial of this relationship) fundamental for our understanding of paideia, especially in ancient Greece after Parmenides. 1) The authoritarian view is found in the so-called Presocratic thinkers, such as Parmenides and Heracleitus. They assert the existence of absolute eternal truth that can be grasped intuitively and expressed verbally by a few wise men (sophoi). Even though they disagree and dispute each other on the content of truth, they all share in the esoteric view of truth. Just as Being is separated from the realm of appearance by Parmenides, so the wise man who alone can discern Being is clearly distinguished from the common crowd who cannot move beyond the realm of appearance. Or according to Heracleitus only the wise man can give ears to the eternal Logos amid the ever-changing flow of the world; whereas fools are compared with swine that are content with mud. This view gives the wise the authority to teach Truth ex cathedra. 2) The relativistic view of the Sophists, especially of Protagoras and Gorgias, is more "democratic". We should not forget that the Sophists flourished especially in democratic Athens as testified among others by the friendship between Protagoras and Pericles, the greatest statesman of democratic Athens. Both Protagoras and Gorgias criticized and ridiculed the Parmenidean concept of Being. The famous words of Protagoras, "man is the measure of all things" should be interpreted in this light.

Pigman

Now Lorraine can blame all the other things on me, but she was the one who picked out the Pigman's phone number. If you ask me, I think he would have died anyway. Maybe we speeded things up a little, but you really can't say we murdered him. Not murdered him. (ch 1, pg 13) In fact, if Lorraine felt like saying one of us murdered Mr. Pignati, she should have blamed Norton. He's the one who finally caused all the trouble. (ch 1, pg 14) Everything that happened from then on [after they visit Mr. Pignati in the hospital] Lorraine blames me for, and maybe she's right. ch 14, pg 121) Finally I managed to lift my head and saw Mr. Pignati at the door. He was just standing there looking down at me, and there was no smile on his face. No smile at all. That's when I passed out. (ch 13 pg 114) â€Å"In fact, the thing Lorraine and I liked best about the Pigman was that he didn’t go around saying we were cards or jazzy or cool or hip. He said we were delightful . . . † (ch 2, pg 24) â€Å"Baboons. Baboons. They build their own cages, we could almost hear Mr. Pignati whisper, as he took his children with him. (ch 15, pg 149) â€Å"But I gave up all that kid stuff now that I’m a sophomore. The only thing I do now that is faintly criminal is write on desks. † (ch 1, pg. 3) â€Å"Would you like a glass of wine? † Mr. Pignati offered, straightening up a few things in the living room. It was great how happy he was to see us. I can't remember Bore, or my mother either for that matter, ever looking happy to see me, let alone when I came into the house with a friend. (ch 7, pg 56) John is trying to understand his and Lorraine's role in Mr. Pignati's death.He seems undecided about their degree of responsibility If Norton's actions were the final, most immediate cause of Mr. Pignati's final illness and death, does this mean that only Norton is responsible? John still stops short of accepting full responsibility for the disaster of the party and its effect on Mr. Pignati This is a moment of horror for John, when Mr. Pignati returns from the hospital unexpectedly and sees the damage to his house and, most of all, his pig collection. This is one of the very few times that Mr. Pignati doesn't greet John with a big smile.That john doesn’t like old people to go around saying cool sayings. That the baboon was somehow connected to the Pigman. That he somewhat thinks of himself as a grown up There is an enormous contrast between the lack welcome Lorraine and John feel in their own homes and the incredibly welcome Mr. Pignati gives them. We still pretended we were John and Lorraine Pignati because only members of the immediate family were allowed to visit. (ch 11,pg 105) I think cemeteries are one of the loveliest places to be—if you're not dead, of course.The hills and green grass and flowers are much nicer than what you get what you're alive. Sometimes we go there at midnight and hide behind stones to scare the @#$% out of each other. (ch 7, 55) By the time we left, I was so glad to see the outside world I thought I had been in prison for seventy-three years. The smell of hospitals always makes me think of death. In fact I think hospitals are exactly what graveyards are supposed to be like. They ought to bury people in hospitals and let sick people get well in the cemeteries (ch 11, pg 104)The position of Mr. Pignati's head on the floor made his face look a little like my father's and I didn't like the feeling it gave me. Up until then I had never been particularly disturbed about seeing a corpse—even when I'd have to sit for an hour or so at a funeral parlor when some relative had died. (ch 15,pg 148) â€Å"No, no, no,† she said in her best grating voice, all the while shining the coffee table in our sparkling living room, which sparkles because nobody's allowed to live in it. She's got plastic covers on everything.I mean, I like my Mom and all that, but she runs around like a chicke n with its head cut off. (ch 5, pg 28) The house [Mr. Pignati's] had a nice warm smell to it. We had to walk through a hall that had a lot of old junk stored in it, and then we went into this living room that had all that old kind of stuffed furniture with lace things that cover the arms so you don't wear them out. (ch 5, pg 31) I didn't want anyone really to take advantage of the old man. Some people might think that's what I was doing, but not the way Norton would have. ch 5, pg 35) That John and Lorraine are so use to the Pigman that they act like his own children John and Lorraine have figuratively assumed the identities of Mr. Pignati's â€Å"children,† and now they assume these identities literally Ironically, John feels more at home in cemeteries than in his own home. John demonstrates the originality of his thought. His reflection that hospitals are deathly and cemeteries are peaceful and full of greenery actually makes sense That the Pigman looked like his Dad and he even worried about his dad dieingJohn describes a living room, which, ironically, no one is allowed to live in Mr. Pignati's house is a complete opposite to John's. It has a nice warm smell, not a disinfectant smell; it is cluttered with old junk, not obsessively neat; and it has a comfortable living room with comfortable furniture, not covered with plastic. This sure seems like another instance where John is trying, successfully, to convince himself that taking money from an old man under a false pretext is not taking advantage of him.

Comparison Between the Cost of Living in Ecuador and the United States

The Cost of Living between Ecuador and the United States The cost of living between Ecuador and the United States shows several differences, but this essay is going to focus on two of the most common ones. The first one is the rental price of an apartment and the second one is the cost of clothing and shoes. First, the rental price of an apartment of three bedrooms in Ecuador is around 500 dollars; on the other hand, this cost is much higher in the United States; actually, an American family has to pay about 1500 dollars for renting an apartment with these characteristics.In short, renting an apartment in Ecuador is three times less expensive than renting it in the United States. Second, the price of the clothing and the shoes is extremely expensive in Ecuador, for example: if a person wants to buy one pair of Nike shoes, that person has to pay about 300 dollars, whereas in the United States if someone buys the same pair of shoes, he/she pays around 150 dollars.Moreover, an American woman can get a Calvin Klein coat paying 250 dollars, while in Ecuador a woman has to pay almost 1000 dollars for getting the same piece of clothing. In brief, both the price of clothing and the cost of shoes are more accessible in the United States than in Ecuador. In conclusion, both Ecuador and the United States display certain differences in the cost of living but the most popular are the ones related to the rental price of an apartment and the cost of the clothes and shoes.

Women and Literature Essays

Women and Literature Essays Women and Literature Essay Women and Literature Essay The book under consideration goes by the name of â€Å"The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands† and was written by the rather infamous author by the name of Mary Seacole. Basically, what is to be presented here from the book is the fact that Seacole presented her help during the Crimean war which was rejected on the base of her race, as the times back then were very biased. The book was written by her in the year 1857 and presents to the readers an extremely interesting autobiography of a Jamaican woman, who came to be known as a rival of Florence Nightingale all the way through the period of the Crimean War. During the war she had presented the offer of helping out as a nurse and that too voluntarily but her offer was rejected completely on the base of her race. Impervious, Seacole got started autonomously to the Crimea where she where she performed an outclass task as doctor as well as a mother to injured soldiers at the same time as running her big business, known as the British Hotel.An eyewitness to a great number of battles, she presents to us flamboyant accounts of how she put up with sickness, onslaught and other adversity at the Crimean battlefront, getting past the discrimination. In the introduction that has been presented to us in the Penguin edition, Sara Salih knowledgeably goes through the metaphorical complications of Seacoles book to discover the sumptuousness of her story.AnalysisVoyager, industrialist, healer as well as a woman who belonged to a rather interesting background, Mary Seacole is a remarkable and mesmerizing figure, transgressing all traditionalist limitations. Mary Seacoles standing after the Crimean War definitely contended that of her corresponding person Florence Nightingale but for a very lengthy period of time she was an over and done annotation in history, and this almost certainly was related to the fact she did not belong to a while middle class family, but was as a substitute the progeny of two race s, her father being a Scottish person and her mother was a black Jamaican woman. Mary Seacole, since the time of her birth was a born healer as well as a woman who had remarkable energy, and with these skills she triumphed over bureaucrat unresponsiveness and ethnic prejudice as she endeavored to prove her significance as a Nurse on equivalence with Nightingale herself. Seacole voyaged extensively before arriving in London, where her proposal to help as a nurse in the war was met with discrimination and snub.Seacole made efforts completely on her own without taking help from anyone and went out to the battlefield, and she put her life at risk to bring console to the injured and dying armed forces; and turned into one of the first black woman to make a blot on British communal life.But at the same time as Florence Nightingale has worn-out in times gone by, Mary Seacole was downgraded to murkiness until very lately.The book under consideration is one that tells us in her own words abo ut her travels, her occurrence, and her life as a lady in color living in a time of prejudice, narrow-mindedness and racial detestation. The book definitely is a very good read and presents to the readers in its many pages a woman of bravery and ethical assurance that whatever she did all the way through her life and every step that she took was right. She did no wrong. It can be said that with her efforts Mary Seacole optimized the Crimean War in a manner that Nightingale never could achieve. This book is one that should be read in schools so that everyone could learn from her bravery. Mary Seacole is to a certain extent an indefinable stature for the reason that she never got to retain any official appointments as well as due to the fact that she did not leave behind a great body of printed works. As has been mentioned previously this book written by her was first published in 1857.As known to all, Mary Seacole was born in Kingston, Jamaica in the year1805. She was the daughter of a Scottish army officer and her mother was a liberated black woman who held up the responsibility of a boarding house in Kingston. Marys mother also helped out people who were sick. Later on all of her knowledge was passed on to Mary who later also turned into a doctress.In the year 1850 Kingston was smacked by a cholera epidemic. Mary Seacole, with her herbal medicines, played an imperative function in dealing with this sickness. She also compacted productively with a yellow fever eruption in Jamaica. Her distinction as a medical practitioner cultivated and she was soon performing operations on people who had knife and gunshot injury. During one trip to Panama she helped take care of people throughout an additional cholera epidemic. Mary performed an autopsy on one casualty and was as a result gifted to learn further about the way the disease assaulted the body.Later on in the year 1853 Russia invaded Turkey. Britain and France, worried about the increasing power of Russia, went t o Turkeys support. This divergence came to be known as the Crimean War.At the time when the Crimean war took place in the Crimea, some of the divisions from Jamaica were hurled there to brawl. Correspondents, like Times journalist, William H. Russell, wrote back reports related to the horrifying state of affairs for the unwell and injured. Nearly twenty thousand British soldiers died during the Crimean war out of which only about three thousand died in the battle field while the remaining seventeen thousand died due to the break out of diseases over there. Recruitment took place and Florence Nightingale was taken upon so as to put in order and educate nurses to toil in the armed forces hospitals of the Crimea. As soon as Mary Seacole heard about the conditions that were taking place, she believed that her familiarity with tropical diseases was fundamental to Britains war labors.As Mary was very fond of her boys coming from Jamaica, she wished to adhere to the contingents she was fam iliar with from Kingston in Sebastopol. Gathering all of the fulsome letters of commendation from armed forces doctors in Jamaica, Seacole came into London in the year 1854. she started off by applying to the War Office for the position of hospital nurse since in her own terms she said, â€Å"knowing that I was well fitted for the work, and would be the right woman in the right place (Seacole, p. 123). This was the first time when her assistance was rejected on the base of her race. After that she submitted an application at a range of military offices as well as at Florence Nightingales institute. Even though there was an enormous scarcity of appropriate women to depart to the Crimea as nurses, her application was rejected by everyone. As a final point, acrimoniously dissatisfied that not a soul seemed to desire the aid she was generously offering, Mary wrote in her biography, â€Å"Doubts and suspicion rose in my heart for the first and last time, thank Heaven. Was it possible t hat American prejudices against color had some root here? Did these ladies shrink from accepting my aid because my blood flowed beneath a somewhat duskier skin than theirs† (Seacole, p. 126).Disinclined to acknowledge trounce, Mary took on a business called the British Hotel, not many miles from the battlefront. This was the place where she vended food and drink to the British soldiers. By this way she was able to gather money so as to pay for the medical healing she provided to the soldiers (Seaton, P.1).ConclusionIn the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that Mary Seacole was a very learned person, but was declined to be taken up in Florence Nightingales team due to her ethnicity which was not linked to a middle class white family.

Clan or the Cave Bear essays

Clan or the Cave Bear essays A Patriarchy is the power of the fathers. Passed on through generation to generation. Social, ideological ideas in the political system in which men by force direct pressure through ritual, tradition, law, language, customs, etiquette, education, and the division of labor that determine what part women should or shall not play. In which the female is everywhere subsumed under the male. Ayla posed direct opposition and insolent disobedience to the leaders of the clan; Brun and the Mo-gur, she still could not persuade them to treat her as their equal. She was far stronger than Broud, She could hunt far better than the men could, which endangered her life because hunting with a slingshot was a feat that women were not allowed to do, hunting was the sole province of men of the Clan of the Cave Bear. "When she heard Brac scream, she didn't think of the consequences, she just reached for her sling, quickly grabbed two pebbles, and hurled them." Men celebrated the archaism (the imitation of the old or obsolete tradition) of there clan. The leaders of the Clan of the Cave Bear had great reverence for the patriarchy of the family. Father son relationships were very important, this relationship helped reinforce the child's rank, taught him to hunt, the coming of the manhood ceremony. "...he was past his 11th year and his manhood ceremony had been held." All of these things shaped the males character. ...

The Economic System of The Vikings

The Economic System of The Vikings Over the 300 years of the Viking Age, and with the expansion of the Norse landnm (new land settlements), the economic structure of the communities changed. In 800 AD, a well-off farmstead in Norway would have been primarily pastoral, based on the raising of cattle, pigs, and goats. The combination worked well in the homelands, and for a time in southern Iceland and the Faroe Islands. Livestock as Trade Goods In Greenland, pigs and then cattle were soon outnumbered by goats as conditions changed and the weather became harsher. Local birds, fish, and mammals became supplemental to the Viking subsistence, but also to the production of trade goods, on which the Greenlanders survived. Commodities to Currency By the 12th-13th centuries AD, cod fishing, falconry, sea mammal oil, soapstone and walrus ivory had become intense commercial efforts, driven by the need to pay taxes to kings and tithes to the church and traded throughout northern Europe. A centralized government in the Scandinavian countries increased the development of trading places and towns, and these commodities became a currency which could be converted into cash for armies, art, and architecture. Greenlands Norse in particular traded heavily on its walrus ivory resources, in the northern hunting grounds until the bottom fell out of the market, which may have led to the demise of the colony. Sources Barrett, James, et al. 2008 Detecting the medieval cod trade: a new method and first results. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(4):850-861. Commisso, R. G. and D. E. Nelson 2008 Correlation between modern plant d15N values and activity areas of Medieval Norse farms. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(2):492-504. Goodacre, S., et al. 2005 Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods. Heredity 95:129–135. Kosiba, Steven B., Robert H. Tykot, and Dan Carlsson 2007 Stable isotopes as indicators of change in the food procurement and food preference of Viking Age and Early Christian populations on Gotland (Sweden). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:394–411. Linderholm, Anna, Charlotte Hedenstiema Jonson, Olle Svensk, and Kerstin Lidà ©n 2008 Diet and status in Birka: stable isotopes and grave goods compared. Antiquity 82:446-461. McGovern, Thomas H., Sophia Perdikaris, Arni Einarsson, and Jane Sidell 2006 Coastal connections, local fishing, and sustainable egg harvesting: patterns of Viking Age inland wild resource use in Myvatn district, Northern Iceland. Environmental Archaeology 11(2):187-205. Milner, Nicky, James Barrett, and Jon Welsh 2007 Marine resource intensification in Viking Age Europe: the molluscan evidence from Quoygrew, Orkney. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1461-1472. Perdikaris, Sophia and Thomas H. McGovern 2006 Cod Fish, Walrus, and Chieftains: Economic intensification in the Norse North Atlantic. Pp. 193-216 in Seeking a Richer Harvest: The Archaeology of Subsistence Intensification, Innovation, and Change, Tina L. Thurston and Christopher T. Fisher, editors. Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, volume 3. Springer US: New York. Thurborg, Marit 1988 Regional Economic Structures: An Analysis of the Viking Age Silver Hoards from Oland, Sweden. World Archaeology 20(2):302-324.

The Health Communication Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Health Communication Campaign - Essay Example A health communication campaign is believed influential if it employs the psychology of persuasion through advertising, which is more elaborate and expensive.   This clashes with the more popular view that package warning labels incorporating all the necessary information and warning will serve the purpose, at less cost and effort.   Remember that the bottom line in every risk communication program is to change consumers’ attitudes and behavior, a complex task that calls for designing methods that would yield optimal results (Stewart & Martin, 1994).  Ã‚   The warning label strategy was primarily used in the anti-smoking campaigns in public places in some American states and in a nationwide alert against alcohol consumption during pregnancy.  Ã‚   Both communication programs failed to realize measurable results (Pechmann & Reibling, 2000; Hainkin, et al., 1998).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A cursory observation of consumer behavior shows that few if any read product labels for their risk content.   For most consumers, product labels, as in the case of food products, are generally a source of information for their nutritional elements.  Ã‚   It follows that a health warning squeezed into the product label is less likely to be noticed.   On the other hand, a health warning disseminated through the regular modes of advertising offers greater chances of breaking into the consciousness of consumers.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising today is planned with increasing attention on the psychology of marketing, factoring in such considerations as age, personality, message relevance, consumer trends, social and group pressures.  Ã‚   Advertisers also target specific markets for better positioning of the product or idea that is being promoted.  Ã‚   Without market segmentation, targeting and positioning, advertising is conceded as a haphazard affair, unlikely to achieve its object ives. This supports the contention that communicating consumer risks through advertising has better possibilities of success than doing it through package warning labels.  Ã‚  

Parables of a Violent World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Parables of a Violent World - Article Example Writers such as William Vollmann and others help to accomplish this important goal. McMurphy, the hero of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, is a quintessential individualist. He marches to the beat of his own drum and follows his own direction in life. He refuses to follow orders and seeks out pleasure. He has an irrepressible charm that works on nearly everyone around him. He is also a natural leader in his own way. But McMurphy is not approved of. He is too individualistic and non-conformist. Although he seems American in his self-reliance, in the course of the novel he runs into serious problems from a new, more materialistic, mechanical, conformist America, represented by the institution. The job of the institution, of the anesthetizing culture that currently surrounds us in America, is to repress the irrepressible. Too many outbursts, too many adventures, are bad for business, the institution says. It locks away and neutralizes people like McMurphy who don't fit in properly and h ave no desire to do so (Kesey). This is important to understand in light of what we saw after September 11. After the terrorist attacks there was a call to arms, and also, subsequently, a call to uniformity and conformity. We were asked to march to the beat of the same drum. The president ordered us into Iraq and we were supposed to obey. Those who disagreed had their patriotism questioned. In the administration itself, we saw how people were fired for disagreeing with the president. Times have changed since then. A cultural lull has descended on the country as politics have begun to calm down. Now we have access to endless entertainment much of which is not unlike having a lobotomy. The rise of excessive celebrity culture has been representative of the last few years. Everywhere you look celebrities pose in photographs and behave outrageously on television. There is no content to their actions. In a sense, they are simply a culture anesthetic, designed to lull us into complacency, just as the drugs in Kesey's mental hospital lull the patients into a stupor. The question we must ask ourselves, faced with all of this, is how best to respond? From time immemorial, it has been writers who take a stand against injustice and cultural complacency. Through their work, they skilfully satirize and pick apart the wrongs of the status quo and show us a better way to live. They celebrate the best of what is America and condemn the worst. We can see this in action in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. What we need more than ever, is skillful writers to take on the twin challenges of today: terror and celebrity. One of the writers who is moving in this direction is clearly William Vollmann. This wholly original American writer has been as prolific as the culture in turning out new work. Every year he seems to publish a new book. One of his most stupendous achievements is Rising Up and Rising Down, a multi-volume set of books which studies the role of violence in our world. He re the novelist is leaving behind the fiction in order to pursue social and historical research (Vollmann). We need our writers in this day and age to be grounded in reality. As such, this set of books is a magnificent achievement. Vollmann's work is multifarious, but there are a few elements which can be explored in a simple manner.

Depression and what you learned about it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depression and what you learned about it - Essay Example However, it stops being a normal state of mind whenever there is a constant feeling of sadness the cause of which is not in any way directly related to the loss of something or someone valuable. If it is indeterminate in a sense the feeling of sadness cannot be pinpointed with accuracy, then there is depression. A depressed mood is not necessarily a mental or psychological medical condition when it is associated with adverse life events such as a recent death of a loved one (as mentioned above earlier), experiencing a traumatic natural disaster, a job loss, financial difficulties, a divorce, bad relationships, or major life stages such as reaching middle age or having a menopause already. It has a number of symptoms which can serve as warning signs to seek treatment right away. Some of these common symptoms are loss of appetite, memory loss, lack of mental concentration, loss of interest in normally pleasurable activities, lack of energy, insomnia, or excessive sleeping. The depressed person usually has negative thoughts about life, low feelings of self-worth, guilt, helplessness, anxiety, and irritability which can lead to suicide (Beck & Alford, 2009, p. 30). Whenever the feelings of sadness (depression) persist over a long period of time without any direct cause for it, then it becomes a serious mental condition which is clinically termed as a major depressive disorder (MDD) based from the differential diagnosis approach recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA) using their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The severity, frequency, duration, and kinds of symptoms exhibited by a depressed person may vary from one individual to another because of so many factors. However, depression is a common but serious ailment that is often not treated because either the depressed did not recognize it as such, or is

The Importance of Research in Assessing Educational System Essay

The Importance of Research in Assessing Educational System - Essay Example Through this process, the mandate on the capability of the administrators to create the most possible ways available to recreate an existing system of teaching for the sake of better learning procedures offered to the stakeholders of the situation, the students. Besides, the research proceedings designed to make the systems better are noted to make great impact on the ways by which teachers apply the efficacy in the profession that they have taken responsibility of. Education has and will always be an important aspect in the society. This idea is mainly true because of the fact that it ensures an individual sense of responsibility and it promotes independence by equipping individuals in the society valuable knowledge and skills for them to survive and become existent to their purpose. In general perspective, education significantly promotes the development and further advancement of the society as a whole by enabling the young people to become knowledgeable individuals capable of enhancing the current lifestyle and culture of the society. Thus, in like manner, the act and concept of teaching is indeed significant since it is one and the major link between education and the society. Teaching in either private or public educational institutions is always perceived to be a great and respectable profession however, challenges and problems also exist in this field. Personally, this author also recognizes the importance of the concept of teaching to the society because of its significant benefits it offers for the individuals seeking knowledge and education. Secular teaching in the established educational institutions is generally considered by this author as a profession that is well honored and valued by the people . However, many problems and issues are still needed to be address and developed to fully recognize the significance of this concept for the society. The constant change in the society then defines the importance of continuously developing the educational systems that are present in the society hence increasing the competence of teaching among the instructors of learning in support to the developments that the human community takes into serious consideration. Believably, the importance of choosing the right research design to assess the community from their willingness to approve the needed adjustments in teaching has a great impact on the manner of educating the society making each curriculum presentations rather comprehensively effective for the learners to grasp. Society has always been increasing and the population and likewise its number of students because of which, facilities in the educational institutions must also be expanded to accommodate the said increase. This author believes that every student has their own right to claim and have access to education thus they must be given a way for

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of Essay

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of quality, accountability and risk management issues. Assess the impact of Clinical Governance - Essay Example Van Zwanenberg fro Oxford defines clinical governance as "a powerful, new and comprehensive mechanism for ensuring that high standards of clinical care are maintained throughout the NHS and the quality of service is continuously improved" (Zwanenberg, 2000). Clinical Governance is a practice that was brought about by the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS), to describe and establish a systematic approach to improve the quality of patient care. The framework of clinical governance aims at establishing the same levels of quality and accountability and management in clinics and hospitals that the framework of corporate governance aims at establishing in an organization. Prior to 1999, ensuring financial management and acceptable levels of patient care quality were the only mandatory responsibilities of the trust boards on NHS. Since 1999, the NHS trust boards accepted the need for improving the quality of service extended to patients; the effect of which was the adoption of clinical governance. Successful implementation of clinical governance mandates continual professional development for the whole primary care team. Each and every team member must be involved. The main challenge that teams may face is the transition shift to a m ultidisciplinary, team based learning. The tasks of clinical governance are complex and demanding. It needs efforts from all members of a team. Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an i... Elements of Clinical Governance Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an impact on the care must be studied and improved, which requires a high level of inter-professional understanding. Representatives from all groups of staff must explore 'care' from patient's point of view (Dickinson et al, 2006). Various elements are needed to be carefully understood in order to establish an effective patient care. Nigel Starey, Director, Center for Primary Care from University of Derby identifies some of the major elements that build effective clinical governance (Starey, 2003). Education: Continual sustained professional education is mandatory for all health care professionals. It is found out that a substantial amount of what is learnt during training is quickly forgotten. Post Registration Education and Practice (PREP) for nurses, Postgraduate Education Allowance (PGEA) for GPs, Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for hospital doctors are some of the various systems that are prevalent to assist health care professionals in their continued professional education. Another essential aspect of continual education is team based learning. Until recently, only the general practitioners attended educational events. The educational requirements of nurses and other staff members were neglected (Pringle, 2000). However the new emphasis on education stresses professional development for all the team members. Clinical Audit: Measurement of the prevalent standards of a clinic against the pre determined standards is a very crucial element of clinical governance. The standards must be pre determined at regular intervals by medical directors

Measures of Healthy Urbinisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Measures of Healthy Urbinisation - Essay Example United nation has also studied the migration trend of people and has made a forecast about the world population by the year 2030. According to the forecast report the world population is expected to increase by 2 billion by the year 2030 and out of total increase of 2 billion people 1.9 billion people are expected to live in cities (United Nations: World Urbanization Prospectus, 2000). The shift in population from rural to cities and towns will also be responsible for certain health affects and it will be interesting to know the impact of urbanization on health issues. Actually there are various factors that might influence the health outcomes and an old study have indicated the social and economical factors are responsible for poor health outcomes (Faris & Dunham, 1939). In the present study a few positive and negative health outcomes from urbanization have been summarized. The finding of different researchers varies for a specific health outcome and if the impact is positive for a city it is not necessarily be the same for another city. A few key factors have also been identified and debated that in my opinion are essential requirement for healthy urbanization. Health in cities during 19th and 20th century: Some researchers assumed that some of the factors such as population density, pollution, and crime in cities deteriorated health during the early 19th century (Power et al, 2001) and at the same time a lack in mental fitness level especially in rural non-metropolitan areas in Australia is debated (Fraser et al, 2002). Many Asian scholars and researchers considered that the urban population is linked to the poor health especially in early 19th century (Lee, 2001). All these medical and health professionals, researchers and scholars started investigating the urban living conditions and the relationship between the health and the surrounding conditions. With the improvement of living conditions in some of the developing cities especially the sanitary conditions, the researchers found a tremendous improvement in health conditions in many European and North American cities (Hamblin, 1998). The other major conditions responsible for improving health conditions include the improvement in drinking water and immunization of population for infections. Health conditions in cities started improving by the end of nineteenth century or early 20th century and people in cities today have better health conditions than the non-urban areas. Some of the cities in specific regions of the world growing at faster pace and therefore it is really a challenge for the government officials to provide better sanitation, drinking water and housing to the new migrants so that health in general do not deteriorate here. Main Challenges for civic authorities: In my opinion the main challenge for civic authorities is to control the infectious diseases that generally starts within the cities and spread out quickly from one city to another. In the recent past we have seen many infectious diseases spreading at different intervals in different part of the world. Such infectious diseases including bird flue, SARS, HIV and malaria are more common and have posed threats to the large number of people in our society. Although bird flue and SARS were controlled quickly, however the dangers in near future cannot be ruled out. HIV is a killer health problem. A complete

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of Essay

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of quality, accountability and risk management issues. Assess the impact of Clinical Governance - Essay Example Van Zwanenberg fro Oxford defines clinical governance as "a powerful, new and comprehensive mechanism for ensuring that high standards of clinical care are maintained throughout the NHS and the quality of service is continuously improved" (Zwanenberg, 2000). Clinical Governance is a practice that was brought about by the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS), to describe and establish a systematic approach to improve the quality of patient care. The framework of clinical governance aims at establishing the same levels of quality and accountability and management in clinics and hospitals that the framework of corporate governance aims at establishing in an organization. Prior to 1999, ensuring financial management and acceptable levels of patient care quality were the only mandatory responsibilities of the trust boards on NHS. Since 1999, the NHS trust boards accepted the need for improving the quality of service extended to patients; the effect of which was the adoption of clinical governance. Successful implementation of clinical governance mandates continual professional development for the whole primary care team. Each and every team member must be involved. The main challenge that teams may face is the transition shift to a m ultidisciplinary, team based learning. The tasks of clinical governance are complex and demanding. It needs efforts from all members of a team. Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an i... Elements of Clinical Governance Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an impact on the care must be studied and improved, which requires a high level of inter-professional understanding. Representatives from all groups of staff must explore 'care' from patient's point of view (Dickinson et al, 2006). Various elements are needed to be carefully understood in order to establish an effective patient care. Nigel Starey, Director, Center for Primary Care from University of Derby identifies some of the major elements that build effective clinical governance (Starey, 2003). Education: Continual sustained professional education is mandatory for all health care professionals. It is found out that a substantial amount of what is learnt during training is quickly forgotten. Post Registration Education and Practice (PREP) for nurses, Postgraduate Education Allowance (PGEA) for GPs, Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for hospital doctors are some of the various systems that are prevalent to assist health care professionals in their continued professional education. Another essential aspect of continual education is team based learning. Until recently, only the general practitioners attended educational events. The educational requirements of nurses and other staff members were neglected (Pringle, 2000). However the new emphasis on education stresses professional development for all the team members. Clinical Audit: Measurement of the prevalent standards of a clinic against the pre determined standards is a very crucial element of clinical governance. The standards must be pre determined at regular intervals by medical directors

Discuss the difference between leadership and management in nursing an Essay

Discuss the difference between leadership and management in nursing an prioritizing and managing client care - Essay Example ts essence involves gathering people from different domains and motivating them to achieve organizational goals through knowledge sharing and expertise. Specifically, a leader is one who lends a helping hand to those who are not able to realize their potential and go for their aims. In nursing, while the staff nurse is the leader to entry level nurses, the latter are leaders to ultimate clients. Management takes on a more individualized form when nursing is talked of. This is so because in nursing, client care is to be accomplished which is the duty of every single nurse and as such, nurses are required to have the competencies of time management, communication skills and other management skills of planning, organizing and others. In this essence, management in nursing involves judicious and critical use of scare resources optimally for the benefit of the client and the organization. Leadership and management are used synonymously most of the times. However, the two carry different meanings in nursing parlance. In terms of client care management, entry level nurses are equipped with expertise, experience and knowledge which provide guidelines for them to act as client care managers. On the other hand, awareness of organizational policies, protocols and regulations encourage in them the personality of a leader whereby they are able to direct their followers and align their individual goals with that of organizational goals. During entry level, nurses are required to take care of the clients directly through observations and careful usage of the available resources. They have to manage the aspects if time, shifts, materials, supervision and services for clients which are not commanded as in case of passive nursing (Richardson et al. 2007). Thus, they act in the role of decision makers for cost effective use of resources without feeling overburdened and not letting the client feel unobserved. This demonstrates the management skills adopted by nurses in delivering

Effect of Molecular Weight in the Rate of Diffusion

Effect of Molecular Weight in the Rate of Diffusion Jarrel Dean A. Yecyec ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight in the rate of diffusion was determined by placing potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and methylene blue in a petri dish of agar-water gel with three wells. After a drop of each in well the petri dish was covered then, the diameter of the colored area was measured with three minute interval. It was measured ten times. Methylene blue has the lowest molecular weight but, Methylene blue showed the longest diameter. Thus, Molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion the higher the mass the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION According to the experiment of diffusion, two feet glass tube was fasten horizontally to a ring stand. After moistening two cotton balls of the same size, one with hydrochloric acid and the other with ammonium hydroxide it is plugged to one end and the other end. White smoke was observed inside the tube. When you measure the distance from the cotton to the white ring, ammonium hydroxide exhibits the longer distance. Diffusion demonstrates random motion that proceeds from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion it is when molecules try to achieve equilibrium. Diffusion of gases always happens gradually, it takes a relatively long time. For example, when you open a bottle of perfume inside a room it will take time before a person smell it in the other side of the room. This is explained by the numerous collisions of molecules while moving from one end to another. The root-mean-square speed is a way to estimate molecular speed. We can estimate how fast a molecule move, on the average, at any temperature. By interpreting the formula it shows that the heavier the gas, the slowly its molecules move. Molecular weight it is the mass in grams of one mole of molecules of formula units of a substance. It is also called as molecular mass. The hypothesis was arrived based on previous observation, the hypothesis is if molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion then the higher the mass the slower the rate of diffusion. Agar is a polymer made up of subunits of galactose, it is also a component of some cell walls. When dissolved in boiling water and cooled, agar looks gelatinous. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and methylene blue are the compounds that will be used in this experiment. This study aimed to determine the effect of molecular weight to the rate of diffusion. The specific objectives were. To describe the effect of diffusion To explain why heavier molecules tend to be slower than lighter molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS A petri dish of agar-water gel with three wells with a diameter of 5 millimeter was prepared. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and methylene blue were obtained. The color of potassium permanganate is red-violet, potassium dichromate is yellow, and methylene blue is blue this is based on observation. One drop of each prepared solution was then placed into each well and then the petri dish should be immediately covered, a dropper was used. A ruler was used for measuring the diameter of the colored area of each substance. The set up was then recorded at a regular three-minute interval for a half hour, for every interval the colored area was measured and recorded in table 4.2. A phone was used in recording the time. After thirty minutes, the colored area was measured and recorded. The zero minute and the thirty minute were compared. A graph comparing the three solutions was then plotted and analyzed. Partial rate of diffusion was calculated at each interval. The formula for the partial rate of diffusion is final minus initial diameter of colored area divided by the final minus initial time measured. The average rate of diffusion (mm/min.) will be calculated and graphed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As seen in Table 1 results showed that Potassium permanganate diffuse faster than the other two. There are times that they are constant showed in Figure 1. The diameter increases as time increases but there are points that there is no change in the diameter. Potassium permanganate with the lowest molecular weight is the fastest to diffuse and Methylene blue with the highest molecular weight is the slowest to diffuse. As seen in Table 2 Potassium permanganate has the highest average rate of diffusion, it is moving 0.37 millimeters per minute. It is the fastest compared to others. Figure 2 completely showed the comparison of average rate of diffusion. The hypothesis if the molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion then the higher the mass the slower the rate of diffusion is accepted. It is supported by the root-mean-square speed because you can compute for the speed of a molecule and by the experiments. Table 1. The diameter of the three solutions at a regular three-minute interval for thirty minutes. Figure 1. A line graph comparing the three solutions and showing the Effect of time in the diameter of the colored area Table 2. The partial rates of diffusion of the three solutions. Figure 2 Comparison of the partial rates of diffusion of the three solutions. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The effect of the molecular weight in the rate of diffusion was determined. One drop of each prepared solution was placed into each well and the diameter was measured at a regular three minute interval for a half hour. The average rate of diffusion was computed and supported the experiment. The data we gathered is credible because there is no source of error. The results showed that Potassium permanganate exhibits fast diffusion compared to others. Therefore, molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, the heaver the compound the slower the rate of diffusion. I recommend this experiment. add more compounds with different molar weight and different kind of samples too. If you are dealing with gases try to compute the theoretical speed of a molecule by using the root-mean-square speed and compare it with the one you observed. LITERATURE CITED Dorland, W.A.M. 2012.Agar, Dorland's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved January 17, 2013 Zumdahl, S.S 1998. Chemical Principles. 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin. A37. Chang, Raymond. Chemistry. 6th edition. New York: McGraw-Jill. p. 183-185 Duka, A.I.M, Diaz, Q.M.G, Villa, O.N. 2009. Biology 1 laboratory manual: An investigative approach. Ninth edition. UP Los Banos, College, Laguna, Philippines. No author. Diffusion and Osmosis.

The Philosophy of Simone Weil Essay -- Philosopher Simone Weil Essays

The Philosophy of Simone Weil In the final entry to her London notebooks, Simone Weil writes "Philosophy is exclusively an affair of action and practice. That is why it is so difficult to write about. Difficult in the same way as a treatise on tennis or running, but much more so." (Allen, p. 157) In these next few pages I will try to relay the basic ideas contained in Simone Weil's works. Because of the extensiveness and complexity of her work, I will be using her words exactly, as often as possible. Simone Weil was a trained philosopher and a teacher of philosophy. She was a political theorist and activist, a revolutionary, a laborer in the French fields and factories and toward the end of he life, she was a mystic. She believed in the transcendent powers of God. Much of her writing dealt with the ways in which God touches our lives, and the ways we can "find" or open ourselves to him. In her works, she spent a good deal of time defining and describing terms such as beauty and affliction, and describing solutions to social ills. First and foremost it is important to understand the relationship the Weil had with God. She had many mystical experiences in her life in which she walked and talked with God. One of these experiences in particular is described in volume two of her notebooks in a brief essay called "Come With Me." In this essay she recounts a story in which God comes and visit her. He takes her up to the attic of a church where they live for three days, eating only bread and drinking only water. But she had interesting notions about him and his existence; not notions that would seem consistent with having met with him. She explains that God is "everything that we are not" (Little, p. 57 ). But she goes on to ... ...egin. I suppose this is an issue Gardner faced in the beginning of his search as well; the abyss of the unknown. But it is an area I am interested in, even more so that the other frames we have studied, and I look forward to thinking in these terms as I further my studies in philosophy and spirituality. Works Cited: Allen, Diogenes and Springsted, Eric O. Spirit, Nature and Community. State University of New York Press. Albany, New York. 1994. Indinoplulos, Thomas A. and Knoppzadorsky, Josephine. Mysticism, Nihilism, Feminism. Institute of Social Sciences and Arts. Johnson City, Tennessee. 1984. Little, J.P. Simone Weil. St. Martin's Press. New York, New York. 1988. McFarland, Dorothy Tuck. Simone Weil. Fredrick Unger Publishing Co. New York, New York. 1983. Panichas, George A. (ed.) Simone Weil Reader. Moyer Bell Limited. Mt Kisco, New York.1977.

Helen Tamiris Biography Essay -- essays research papers

On April 24, 1903, one of the founders of American modern dance was born to parents who emigrated from Russia. Helen Tamiris, originally Helen Becker, grew up in New York, New York on the Lower East Side. In her lifetime, she danced, choreographed, and helped initiate modern dance. Later in her life, she moved to the â€Å"Great White Way,† otherwise known as Broadway, to choreograph many shows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1911, or at the age of eight, Ms. Tamiris began studying dance at the Henry Street Settlement with Irene Lewisohn. After that she studied with the children’s chorus at the Metropolitan Opera Company, where she learned Italian ballet techniques. Although she studied strict ballet techniques, she began to study modern dance at the Neighborhood Playhouse. She also studied natural dancing but soon grew restless of it; thus, she quickly left the studios to develop her own sort of dance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tamiris spent a few years making minor nightclub appearances and dancing in stage shows at movie theaters. But in 1922, she left America to tour in South Africa with the Bracale Opera Company, where she was exposed to international dance forms. When she returned to America, she abandoned her former Italian ballet training and studied Russian ballet technique. She appeared dancing in a few shows but soon realized she just was not getting what she wanted. Tamiris took the next year off to develop her own style of concert dancing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb...

Jim Hensen’s “The Dark Crystal” Essay

With its â€Å"animatronics† technology, Jim Henson’s 1982 film, The Dark Crystal, in both form and theme depicts key elements of David Leeming’s description of the hero myth’s rites of passage in The World of Myth: An Anthology. As in Leeming’s rites of passage, in this film the protagonist’s heroic experiences lead him to â€Å"wholeness† and â€Å"full individuation† (220). At the formal level, by concealing puppet strings, providing puppets with exceptionally life-like and fluid motions, and creating convincingly vital puppets, Henson’s detail-rich and realistic animatronics technology allows his puppet-hero, Jen, to grow both beyond his filmic father figure, urSu, as well as beyond the confining puppet strings of the traditional puppet master. Thematically, too, Jen experiences the rites of â€Å"[being] born when . . . needed† (218), of being â€Å"call[ed] to adventure† (219), and of being faced with trials and danger (219), that Leeming discusses as making up the passage into individuation. As Leeming describes, heroes are born when the need for them arises; this usually happens during a dark period in the culture’s history (218). In The Dark Crystal, Jen, who belongs to a nearly extinct race known as Gelflings, is born after the Crystal is cracked and a shard of it is lost. As with Leeming’s â€Å"dark period,† the events initiated by the crystal’s shattering mark the end of a period of light; here the thousand years of the green and goodness of the land once maintained by the Crystal become darkness and ugliness once the crystal is shattered. This dark period is also marked by the claiming of the land by the cruel and evil race of Skeksis. Making this period of the hero’s emergence in the film even darker, the Skeksis, in their attempt to avoid fulfillment of the prophecy that a Gelfling would destroy them, begin to kill all of the Gelflings. Ushering in Jen’s position as the hero who is called, the Skeksis kill his family. Sole survivor from his family, Jen is kept safe by a race of gentle mystics, known as the urRu. This trajectory of birth, threat, and protection likewise follows Leeming’s description of the story line of the hero myth because, wherein â€Å"a further dimension is added by the threat to the young hero’s life† (218-19). Also like the traditional hero myth, Jenson’s film traces the experience of the hero’s â€Å"call to adventure.† In this case, typifying the â€Å"wise old man†Ã‚  archetype (219) Leeming discusses, Jen’s mystic master, urSu, sends Jen to find the missing crystal shard and heal the Dark Crystal. As he will wonder throughout the film, Jen responds to his dying master’s assignment by asking, â€Å"How can I? I’m only a Gelfling.† In his anxiety and near refusal to find the shard, Jen represents another element of Leeming’s description of the hero’s experiences: â€Å"it [the quest] usually begins with a call to adventure. . . . Often the hero refuses the summons. We all resist radical change, and the hero. . . is no exception. ‘Who am I’ to perform such a task† (219). As Leeming indicates, this initial refusal of the adventure is meant to show the hero’s lack of wisdom, confidence, or, â₠¬Å"individuation†; the hero is not yet a whole, individuated, wiser and more confident adult. Jen decides to go on his quest outside of the valley of the mystics after his master dies. Additionally, Leeming explains that the hero’s quest is marked by many trials and confrontations with evil monsters (219). While Jen never actually has to fight or destroy any monsters in order to complete his quest–the common expectation for heroic behavior–he does fit Leeming’s definition in his regular escapes from a range of threats, especially the Garthim, beetle-like creatures â€Å"programmed† by the Skeksis to seek out and destroy all Gelflings. Whereas Jen does not actually confront the Garthim, he is often face to face with them before he turns to run for his life. Also, when he does come face to face with the Skeksis, it is not until he is about to destroy them by returning the shard to its place in the dark crystal. Leeming goes on to explain that â€Å"the monsters †¦ are balanced by sources of strength. Heroes are often guided †¦ by a spirit who takes the form of a fairy godmother, a wise old man, or a wise fool.† (219 ). Jen begins his journey alone, but, as the hero myth tradition dictates, he encounters many other beings that help him on his way. Aughra, a wise, witch-like woman who is said to be born from the rocks and trees before time began, in order that they might have an eye with which to see the world. Aughra gives Jen the crystal shard that he is in search of. She also, before saving him from an attack by the Garthim, gives him the insight he needs to realize how important the successful completion of his journey is. Finally, Jen is given an additional â€Å"source of strength† by another surviving Gelfling named Kira. She is joined by a  dog-like creature named Fizgig, his antics and heroics in the film could place him in the role that Leeming refers to as â€Å"the wise fool†. Kira’s ability to communicate with and receive help from the animals in the story, her tendency to trust her intuition, and her harmonious relationship with the natural environment, all play a pinnacle role in Jen’s ability to complete his journey. Ultimately, with these rites of being born in a time of need, of being called to adventure, and of experiencing great trials, as well as with the animatronics technology, Henson’s Jen, like Gepetto’s famous puppet, Pinocchio, experiences the process of individuation, becoming both whole and (almost) wholly human.

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay

Definition * The study of human behaviour, attitudes and performance within organisational setting to improve performance and differences. * Frameworks of theories, methods and principles from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political * The organisational Iceberg The study of organisational behaviour embraces, therefore an understanding of * The nature and purpose of the organisation * The human element and behaviour of people * Business strategy, organisational processes and the execution of work * The process of management as an integrating and co-ordinating activity * Social responsibilities and business ethics * The external environment of which the organisation is part of and * The need for organisation success and survival. The Pyschological Contract * The PC is not a formal written document that is referred to but a people organisation relationship where mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs are implied. * Important to enhance the level of trust and teamwork. * Human capital to be seen as a responsibility and a resources to be added to * Two observations in human behaviour at work * Peter Principle * Parkinson’s law ../2 The pyschological contract: possible examples of individual and organisational expectations Individual’s expectations of the organisation * Provide safe and hygienic working conditions. * Make every reasonable effort to provide job security. * Attempt to provide challenging and satisfying jobs, and reduce alienating aspects of work. * Adopy equitable human resource management policicies and procedures. * Respect the role of trade union officials and staff representatives. * Consult fully with staff and allow genuine participation in decisions which affect them. * Implement best practice in equal opportunity policies and precedures. * Reward all staff fairly according to their contribution and performance. * Provide reasonable opportunities for personal development and career progression. * Treat members of staff wit respect. * Demonstrate an understanding and considerate attitude towards personal problems of staff. Organisation’s Expectations of the Individual * Uphold the ideology of the organisation and the corporate image. * Work diligently in pursuit of organisational objectives. * Adhere to the rules, policicies and procedures of the organisation. * Respect the reasonable authority of senior members of staff. * Not to take advantage of goodwill shown by the management. * Be responsive to the leadership influence. * Demonstrate loyalty, respect confidentiality and not betray positions of trust. * Maintain harmonious relationships with work colleagues. * Not to abuse organisational facilities such as email or internet access. * Observe reasonable and acceptable standards of dress and appearance. * Show respect and consolidation to customers and suppliers. A pyshcological contract is not only measured in monetary value or in exchange of goods or services, it is in essence the exchange or sharing beliefs and values, expectations and satisfactions. Mutuality is the base principle of the pyshcological contract and consensus or mutual understanding is the basis of mutuality. Ideally therefore self-interest should be balanced with common interest in a win-win arrangement. In the past this unspoken contract might have implied that employees could expect job security and adequate rewards from their employer in exchange for hard work and loyalty. Today’s pyshological contract may be different, in line with a changed working environment that includes factors such as increased rationalism, technological changes, and management aproaches such as outsourcing. The new pyschological contract may revolve more around an employer’s willingness to assist you in developing your skills to order to maintain your marketability. The Peter Principle This is concerned with the study of occupational incompetence and the study of hierarchies. In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competence in their postion are promoted and competence is each new position qualifies for promotion to the next highest posotion until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence in all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in whcih employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happens to them after promotion. Peter suggests tow main means by which a person can effect their promotion rate. â€Å"Pull and push†. * Pull is an employee’s relationship – by blood, marriage and acqaintance – with a person above the employee in the hierarchy. * Push is sometimes manifested by an abnormal interest in study, vocational training and self-improvement. In small hierarchies push may have a marginal effect in accelerating promotion; in larger hierarchies the effect is minimal. Pull is therefore, likely to be more effective than Push. Parkinson’s Law A major feature of PL is that of the rising pyramid, that is â€Å"Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. There is little, if any, relationship between the quantity of work to be done and the number of staff doing it. Underlying this tendency are two statements; * An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals * Officials make work for each other What is driving leaders & organisations behaviour? * The continuous importance that consumers base on value of product and service. * The diverse workforce is also an important factor that drives organisational behaviour. * Consumers expect that organisation understands their needs and produces top quality products at best price possible. These demands place leaders in a challenged situation by domestic and global markets and competition. What are organisational factors? * Organisational factors may be identified as the organisational environment, structure & design * Individual characteristics, group behaviour * Overall decision making * The change processes adopted by the organisation The fast momentum in any industry highlights the importance of the leader to align the human resources with the organisational factors. Framing the Organisational behaviour Organisational behaviour may be studied under the following main contributors * The environment * The individual in the organisation * Group behaviour and interpersonal influence * Organisational process Organisational environment is the external and internal environment, the legal and political constraints, economic, technological changes and development all have an impact on the decisions that are taken by the management. The individual is the foundation of the organisation performance. This should therefore highlight the importance of managing individual behaviour at any level of the organisation. There are 3 important influences that mould the individual behaviour. 1. Individual characteristics 2. Individual motivation 3. Rewards Group behaviour Groups may form either intentionally by managerial decisions or form out of individual efforts. * Formal groups are groups that were intentionally created by managerial decisions * Informal groups are groups that form out of common interests and friendships that may have a negative or positive effect and therefore affect the organisation or individual performance. * Organisational processes are the communication, the decision making and the leadership elements that the organisation fosters as part of its culture and which in turn have an impact on the general performance of the individual and collective behaviour. Factors of organisation process Communication process is the ability of management to receive, transmit and act on information. The information integrates the internal activities with the external demand and information also integrates internally the activities of the organisation. Decision making process Decisions by managers have a direct impact on the employees well being, the organisation’s resources and the design and implementation of rules in a organisation. This should illustrate the importance of managers to communicate, assess and analyse the feedback of decisions and practises in the organisation. Leadership process Leaders in an organisation may be managers and non- managers. The manager may not always be the leader, yet leadership skills contribute in attaining the set goals. Some people believe that leadership styles should vary according to the situation, other believe that one style of leadership is effective in most situations. Importance of effectiveness * Surviving in the environment * Organisation ages- it forms, develops, matures and declines Importance of the Dimension of Time Quality, productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptiveness and development are 6 general categories of effectiveness criteria. Each of the categories have a time base, short run criteria – 1 year, intermediate 5 years, long run are those for which the indefinite future is applicable. Personality Individual difference and work behaviour * Individual differences have a direct effect on behaviour because peole who perceive things differently behave differently. * Individual differences shape organisaitional behaviour and consequently, individual and organisaitional success. What is the ASA framework? This is the attraction- selection-attrition to careers and organisations. * Prospective employees are attracted to careers and organisations. * Organisations elect employees on the basis of the needs of the organisation. * Attrition occurs when individuals discover that they do not belong to the organisation. Studying individual differences at the work place is important since not addressing differences among employees may hinder from achieving organisation and personal goals. Understanding work behaviour Inorder to fully understand where individual differences arise the personal environment also needs to be given attention, weight and considered. Heredity factors are also important. An effective management must; * Observe and recognise the dufferences and * Study relationship between variables that influences individual behaviour. For discussion * What are the variables at work? * Give examples of work behaviour. Can you think of how these may be fostered on connected? The following variables impact employee productivity, creativity and performance extensively; * Heredity factors and diversity * Abilities and skills * Attitudes Heredity factors Gender, race and ethnic background are all heredity factors, mental and moral differences are also influenced by genetic inheritance and such factors mould each individual which in turn have a direct effect at work behaviour. 1.a Diversity * Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from another. Primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethicity, gender, pyshical attributes, race and sexual orientation. When an employee is harassed as a resukt of diversity, due to isolation they become less enthusiastic in their job. * Managing diversity therefore ensures that employees become top level contributors especially in today’s †¦ Abilities and Skills * Ability is a pesson’s talent to perform a mental or pyshical task. * Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. * Ability tends to be stable over time while skill tends to change according to training and experience. One needs ability to be a sales executive (appearance and manners are important) yet one may attain skills with years of experience in sales. * Mental ability therefore refers to the level of intelligence including comprehension, indicative or deictive reasoning, body language, associative memory etc. * Tacit knowledge is the work related to practical know how of the employees acquired eitehr through observation or direct experience on the job. Emotional intelligence – When you probe people to get to know them more * It is important that managers assess and attest abilities and skills snice no amount of leadership and motivation can make up for such deficiencies- job analysis therefore becomes important. * Job analysis is the process of defining and studying a job interms of tasks and behaviour and specifying responsibilities, education and training needes to perform a job – therefore removes guess work when recruiting. Attitudes Attitudes are deteriments of behaviour because they are linked with perception, personaility, fdeelings, etc therfore has a certain amount of importance to the managers. Attitudes are * Learned * Define one’s predeposition towards a given aspect or situation * Provide the emotional basis of one’s interpersonal relations and identifications with other * Attitudes are close to the core of personaility * Some attitudes are persistent and enduring while others are liable to change over time. Changing attitudes at the workplace How can a manager change attitudes of his employees? The process depends on three main factors / contributors 1. The Communicator 2. The Message 3. The Situation The Communicator * If the communicator is trusted and the employees perceive the manager as having prestige, they are more likely to change their attitudes. Employees change because they try to identify with a liked communicator and tend to adopt attitudes and behaviour of the liked individual. * A manager with a low prestige is not show respect / trust by peers and superiors – therefore more difficult to change attitudes of his team. The Message * Intentional and unintentional messages are delivered through verbal and no nverbal communication by managers. * The message delivered to employees has to be clear, understandable and convincing. * Developing persuasive verbal and non verbal communication skills is essential to managers. The Situation * The managers success in delivering a change in attitude also depends on the situation when the message is being delivered. * Distraction and pleasant surroundings are two factors that facilitate change in attitude (perks, performance allowance, training opportunities†¦) Is job satisfaction an attitude? Job satisfaction results from the perception of the job itself and the degree which there is a good fit between the individual and the organisation Factors to consider * Pay – not just the pay but the perceived fairness. * The work itself – are job tasks considered interesting? Do they provide opportunities for learning and accepting further / higher responsibilities? * Supervision – technical competence and interpersonal skills of the immediate boss. * Co workers – extent to which co workers are friendly, competent and supportive. Advancement opportunities – availability of opportunities Work conditions – the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity. Job security – it is reasonable expectation that one’s position is secure and contured employment within the organisation. Job relation in relation to Job performance on Effectiveness Are these 2 factors related or dependant on each other? * Attempts by management to satisfy employees may not mean higher performance while high performance may not mean that the employers are satisfied at work. * Discuss the ripple effects of rewards, warnings, absenteeism, fair promotion etc. That these have on job performance in general. Effect on OC Personality Personality refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and behaviour that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors. * The manager attempting to understand his employees must give attention to the major forces that shape personality. * Cultural forces, heredity, family, relationship and social class are all factors that mould personality. How? * Culture – society, institutes various pattern behaviour with the result that members of a culture have common personality characteristics. * Heredity – varies from personality to another but are not constant since it is associated with values or ideals (temperament) * Family relationships – the experience one has with his parents, grandmothers, other family members / life experiences. * Social class – influences one’s self perception, perception of others, of work, of authority of money factor. * Personality is therefore a product (a number of forces that together have attributed to shape the unique individual). Personality is interrelated with perception, attitudes, learning and motivation – therefore analysis behaviour is incomplete unless personality is considered. Personality and Behaviour in Organisations The big five Personality Dimensions is key in understanding organisational behaviour. 1. Extroversion (Open minded, sociable, etc) 2. Emotional (Stability) 3. Agreeableness (More open to people, challenges and change) 4. Conscientousness (to understand your people’s attraction) Other three major factors are: Locus of control This relates to the extent to which employees believe that their behaviour will influence what happens to them. (Differing personalities of Internals & Externals). Self efficacy Personal beliefs of competencies and abilities. This has an impact on Org behaviour and decisions like selection, training programmes and goal setting and performance. Creativity This is a personality trait that requires deviation from the normal thinking to produce new and useful ideas. (Think in an unconventional way). While a personality factor of the individual organisations play an important role to develop creativity at work by giving opportunities and freedom to think and come forward with new ideas. Reward winning ideas and discuss failures positively to nourish creativity all round. The Importance of Culture National Culture is the sum total of the beliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artefacts and institution that characterise the population. How organisational transactions are conducted is affected by nation’s culture and its subcultures. Values, customs and rituals of cultures do not simply appear. They are revolutionary and are influenced by politics, religion, language and cultural aspects. Managing in the 21st century For effective management understanding different cultures and various organisational cultures is important in the 21st century. ../9 ../9 Adaptation to new environment is becoming a common occurrence and although adaptation from one origin to another is always difficult, it can be better understood by learning about organisational culture. Organisational Culture Organisational culture is the shared values, norms, beliefs and norms which influence the way employees think, feel and act towards others inside and outside the organisation. OC gives unique identity to an organisation Although culture cannot be seen, it can be sensed and felt through a person’s attitudes, emotions and perceptions. â€Å"The way we do things around here† Deal and Kennedy 1982 â€Å"The collective programming of the mind†, Geert Hofstede 2001. Hostede identified four dimensions of culture: power distance, uncenrtainty, avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequity in organisations which Hofstede claims will depend upon managment style, willingness of subordinates to diasgree with superiors, and the educational level and status accruing to particular roles. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel threatened by unusual situations. High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France, Spain, Germany and many Latin American societies. Individualism describes the relatively individualistic or collectivisit ethic evident in that particular society. The USA, France and Spain display high individualism. Masculinity refers to a continuum between masculine charactertistics such as assertiveness and competitiveness, and feminine traits such as caring, a stress upon the quality of life and concern with the environment. Can organisational culture be created by management? * Ann Cunliffe (2008) states that OC is important for 4 reasons *Slaps the image that the public has as an organisation * Influences organisational performance * Provide direction to the company * Help to attract and retain motivated staff Creating the desired OC may be difficult since imposing a particular culture may not be met with resistance. Why? Is disparity between what the management states as values and the reality with the employee an issue? What organisational factors may be attributed to the development of a desired OC? Communication is an organisational factor that is an important factor is developing and fostering an OC Why? Discuss with example? Communicating top down only leaves management out of touch from the real situation and may lead to a gap in culture that management wants to create another culture that actually develops. Uncover the levels of cultures Artefacts – Visible organisational structures and processes (had to decipher). Annual report, newsletter, furnishings are examples of artefacts. Espoused Values – Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications). Assumptions that tell individuals how to perceive, think and feel about work, human relationships and performance of colleagues. Basic underlying assumptions – Unconscious taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate sources of values and actions). Summary with examples of Schein’s three levels of culture * Surface manifestation of culture – most accessible forms which are visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects (observable culture, send a message) * Organisational values – the accumulated beliefs held about how work hold be done and situations dealt with that guide employee behaviour ( be honest, be creative, work hard) * Basic assumption – invisible perceptions, taken for granted understandings, held by individual with an organisation concerning behaviour, the nature of reality and its relationship to its environment (stability, excellence, quality and responsibility). Where does OC come from? Values are the basic element that distinguishes one organisation from the other. Changing organisation structure and its process will mean a change in values and therefore a change in culture. Why? Discuss the difference on a change from tall hierarchy to a change in flat hierarchy.

IB HL Economics (Macroeconomic Policies) Essay

Deflationary fiscal policies and tight monetary policies will often be used in conjucture during times in which inflation is on the rise (perhaps a little too much), and when which the government aims to apply deflationary pressure to ensure that inflation does not rise too much. Deflationary fiscal policy is when government expenditure decreases and taxation increases. tight monetary policy is when the suppy of money is decreased and the interest rates are increased. Decreasing government expenditure will have the effect of limiting the amount of facilitation the government provides to society to consume/invest, pressuring society to decrease society’s consumption/investment/expenditure. likewise, low supply of money as well as high interest rates will apply a brake on firms and consumers expenditure as they now incur a higher opportunity cost in consuming/supplying/investing due to increased interest rates. Inflationary fiscal policy and loose monetary policy however, have the opposite effect on the economy, and this is because they are implemented at times when there is deflationary pressure on the price level (deflation). inflationary fiscal policy will increase government expenditure as well as decrease taxation, and loose monetary policy will increase the supply ofmoney as well as decrease interest rates. By increasing government expenditure you can now subsidise goods, lowering costs which will have the effect of increasing consumption, as well as provide training schemes to help those who are unemployed find a job. increasing the supply of money increase the amount of flow of money in the economy as there has been an increase in the liquidity in cash. low interest rates attract firms as well as consumers as the opportunity costs to invest/consume have been decreased. for instance, if car loans were previously at 7% during times of inflation (and the government implemented a tight monetary policy), but via deflationary pressure and central banks implementing a decrease in interest rates the car loan interest rate goes down to 5%, it would be much more economical for you to buy a car when it was at 5% than 7% (increase consumption, which would lead to an increase in the price level as overall demand increases)